PUSH&PULL
Parking management and incentives as successful and proven strategies for energy-efficient urban transport
PUSH & PULL (also known as carrot and stick approach) is an idiom that refers to a policy of offering a combination of rewards / incentives and punishment to induce behavior.
The project aims to improve urban mobility in European cities by means of parking space management combined with mobility management measures. By introducing paid parking, increasing parking fees, reducing or restraining parking supply or implementing comparable measures, car drivers will be pushed to use more sustainable transport. At the same time, the income generated from parking space management can be used for incentives to promote alternatives, thus pulling or attracting users towards public transport, walking, cycling and other sustainable modes.
This project is therefore clearly in line with the 2013 STEER call priority on replicating proven approaches towards significant behaviour change and energy-efficient modal shift from car to public transport, cycling and potentially also carpooling. However, in comparison to other possible approaches, PUSH & PULL offers a number of unique selling points, as follows:
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Parking management is an issue of enormous interest to almost all cities around the EU – and thus the approaches implemented within the project have much potential for replication. Increasing car ownership puts pressure on existing parking space and there is an urgent and real need to find ways to manage this problem. PUSH & PULL will encourage new ways of thinking about how to better manage the existing supply.
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By combining parking management with mobility management (MM), PUSH & PULL will enhance the effectiveness of mobility management and the acceptability of the parking management.
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PUSH & PULL covers a transport measure that has the potential to raise revenue for cities (a core funding mechanism) – revenue that can then be used to finance measures to encourage alternative, less energy intensive forms of transport. Especially at a time of economic crisis, the revenue generation aspects of PUSH & PULL have even greater relevance. Enforcement of the parking regulation is also a source of employment.
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The PUSH & PULL consortium includes some highly experienced partners in the field, in particular DIFU or University Rotterdam (as both implementation site and trainer/capacity builder), and also the City of Nottingham, which is unique in Europe because of its local tax on staff parking spaces.
Implementation period
03/2014 - 03/2017
Project partners
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FGM-AMOR - Forschungsgesellschaft Mobilität, Graz, Austria
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Urzad Miasta Krakowa (UMK), Krakow, Poland
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Regionale Economie, Haven-en Vervoerseconomie (RHV) BV, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Aparcaments Municipal de Tarragona (AMT), Tarragona, Spain
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City of Gent, Belgium
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Urban planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia (UIRS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Asociația pentru Tranziția Urbană (ATU), Bucharest, Romania
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Nottingham City Council (NCC), UK
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Deutsches Institut fur Urbanistik (Difu), Berlin, Germany
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European Platform on Mobility Management, Brussels, Belgium
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City of Orebro, Sweden
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Iași Metropolitan Association, Iași, Romania
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City of Bacău, Romania
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European Parking Association, Cologne, Germany
Project website
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